Broken Promises

Broken Promises, Reparations there is a renewed willingness on the part of both governments and corporations to provide compensation for injustices in other contexts. Often it has taken the form of cash payments or other benefits to victims of Nazi and Japanese atrocities during World War II. Some have sought to return land to native peoples, while others have simply offered apologies. Apologies have been offered for a wide range of past injustices done to Jews, Korean women, Native Americans, and South African blacks. The U. S. government apologized for its role in overthrowing the native government in Hawaii and the elected government in Guatemala. † (Arthur, 2007) In appearing to act in the interest of former slaves government raised reparations as a subject and passed laws directing compensatory payment after the Civil War. Former slaves needed footing to function on an economic and social level in this nation. Laws stipulating compensation be disbursed in the form of lives tock, monies, lands etc. were passed. In 1865, the original reparations package, the so-called â€Å"40 Acres and a Mule,† was issued.Each black family was supposed to receive 40 acres and later was offered the loan of Army mules. The same year, Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau, which was created to oversee the transition of slaves to freedom. The goal of the Freedmen's Bureau was to distribute 850,000 abandoned and confiscated acres of land to former slaves. But the distribution never happened. Former Confederates were allowed to reclaim the property. † http://www. alternet. org/story/11000 Broken Promises, Reparations 3 At its root reparations was an idea government pretended to embrace.This appears to be evident in taking the axiom â€Å"Actions speak louder than words† into account. The legal mandates for reparations that were voluntarily passed by government were not empowered to transform the law from writing to realities the former slaves would e xperience. 136 years having passed without a blade of grass, a single dollar, mule or apology does not reckon favorably in African American’s minds, especially when government is noted to have apologized to other ethnic groups and disbursed funds and resources as a part of those apologies.â€Å"Under the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, signed into law by President Ronald Reagan, the U. S. government apologized for Japanese American internment during World War II and provided reparations of $20,000 to each survivor, to compensate for loss of property and liberty during that period. For many years, Native American tribes have received compensation for lands ceded to the United States by them in various treaties. Other countries have also opted to pay reparations for past grievances, (see Holocaust reparations)†,(http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery).Anti-reparation activists decry the idea that African Americans living today should receive compensation for experiences they did not endure. Descendants of slave owners who had nothing to do with slavery should be exempt from any responsibility for debts incurred by their ancestors is another anti-reparation argument. While there may be merit to the idea that public policy should not function like a curse a legal basis for the call for Broken Promises, Reparations 4 reparations were passed.The failure to perform to meet the purpose of the law for 136 years does not nullify the nation’s duty to meet the duties it has already legislated. is was objectively The problem is there were laws passed that would have settled the call for reparations a century later if they’d been enforced. The idea of a mass of property and money going to African Americans is exacerbated by the fact that African Americans weren’t the only ethnic group that’s been discriminated against in America.Blacks were the only group enslaved under the authorities of legislation. When bringing the holocaust associated with slave trading to mind African Americans justification for compensation are all the more strengthened by the weight of conscience. The number of slaves lost in transporting, some to mass killings draws spiritual and legal issues into the debate. The killings of slaves to appease economic concerns of slave traders is an embarrassment to arguments seeking to deny reparations. â€Å"Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage.It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost Broken Promises, Reparations 5 through drowning.The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean,132 persons had been murdered. (http://www. alternet. org/story/11000/) The abolition of slavery, laws authorizing reparations that were not enforced, mass murders of large numbers of slaves and the government’s perpetuating injustice against Blacks through legalized segregation and discrimination expand the scope of what was originally â€Å"purposed† to address those who were directly affected by slavery.The government’s failing to enforce reparation laws it instituted over 100 years ago gives African Americans pause to reason the nation must be forced to meet its obligation. The lack of a single conciliatory act, including a lack of an apology has direct bearing on African American’s being reconciled to Ameri ca. The arguments for and against reparations may impress some as having equal weight along moral, ethical and legal lines. As time has passed benign neglect of what reparation laws has given place to arguments anti-reparation activists use in their efforts to frustrate the campaign.The claim that the current generation of African Americans should not be compensated for what they did not suffer was made possible by the government’s purposefully ignoring its own legislation for over a century. This is an enhancement of moral grounds to campaign for reparations today. Having made accommodations for Japanese internees, funding billions to ameliorate injustice for others Broken Promises, Reparations 6 in foreign lands, etc. magnifies the call for government to fulfill obligations imposed by laws stipulating reparations.Randall Robinson has joined the fray with his book, â€Å"The Debt: What America Owes to Blacks† (Dutton, 200) Robinson writes: â€Å"No race, no ethnic or religious group, has suffered so much over so long a span as blacks have, and do still, at the hands of those who benefitted, with the connivance of the United States government, from slavery and the century of legalized American racial hostility that followed it. It is a miracle that the victims — weary dark souls long shorn of a venerable and ancient identity — have survived at all, stymied as they are by this blocked road to economic equality. † http://www. alternet. org/story/11000/†.The blocked road for African American reparation is the ever growing cacophony of reasons why there is no plausible means to reason from whence the compensation should be drawn. There is a web of issues too complex to hope to resolve in this argument. â€Å"One additional problem is that the governments in power in the 1600s and 1700s in Europe are not still in power now. †¦.. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to hold the current French government liable for the enslavement of Africans that previous governments encouraged and benefited from between the 1600s up to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery†.The point counterpoint of the argument is gnarly and complex complicating the call for reparations. â€Å"One additional problem is that the governments in power in the 1600s and 1700s in Europe are not still in power now. †¦.. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to hold the current French government liable for the enslavement of Africans that previous governments encouraged and benefited from between the 1600s up to the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. † http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery†.The point counterpoint of the argument is gnarly and complex complicating the call for reparations. Broken Promises, Reparations 1 Broken Promises, Reparations For African Americans Customer’s name Course name Professor’s Name Date Broken Promises, Reparations 7REFERENCEShttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Reparations_for_slaveryhttp://www. alternet. org/story/11000/ Arthur John (2007) Race, Equality, and the Burdens of History, State University of New York, Binghamton

Sex Education Should Be Taught In School Education Essay

Sexual instruction – non a black and white thaumaturgy, it ‘s silly to wait for miracles from it ; nevertheless it is utile and effective.A The experience of states in which it has long existed, dissipates as the irrational frights as overdone expectations.A Expert analysis of the impact of school classs on sexual behaviour of schoolchildren shows that none of the bing plans is non contributing to speed uping the start of their sex lives, but those who have passed the class of sex instruction and are sexually active pupils – received less hazardous than their lupus erythematosus educated equals, and a plan which non merely called for teenagersA do non hotfoot to sexual introduction, but besides taught the regulations of safe sex, efficaciously those who promoted merely abstention. Oppositions of sex instruction plans are convinced that the proviso of information associating to the sexual domain, perverting teens initiate early sexual activity, increases the figure of teenage pregnancies.A However, today there is no conclusive grounds that it is presented.A Analyzing the experience of states where such plans have long been introduced, allows us to understand what steps have proven effectual in protecting the generative wellness of striplings, which, on the contrary – does non work, and which may do injury. The chief advantages of sex instruction are: Children and striplings, who have passed a systematic class in sex instruction, cognize more about gender, and their cognition is more dependable. This does non extinguish the jobs and troubles of psychosexual development, but besides facilitates the declaration of originating struggles. Knowledge facilitates the apprehension of and tolerance to others ‘ positions and behaviour, which is really valuable in both personal and social footings. If a class of sex instruction includes information about contraceptive method, and taught early plenty, it aggressively reduces the figure of adolescent gestations and abortions. About all modern school sex instruction plans, along with the sexual information, discourse a broad scope of moral and psychological jobs that are really of import for adolescents, as described in Sexual activity Education in Public Schools. In add-on to above mentioned consequences it dwelling the fact that it makes immature people more civilised and safe. I mean sex instruction besides has long-run historical consequence – people who received a kid good sex instruction non merely unrecorded better, but besides sharing their cognition and accomplishments among other kids, that reduces the tenseness between parents and kids and contributes to the overall addition in societal tolerance. Different states comparings have allowed identifying common factors lending to the successful execution of sexual education.A Among them: rapprochement of different political and spiritual positions, engagement in the execution of sex instruction a broad scope of societal motions. An of import function in sexual instruction plays mass-media.A It attitude to this job can be really different depending on the country.A In some states, chiefly in Scandinavia, the media are a beginning of support and information about sex.A In Denmark, the national wireless and telecasting broadcasters provide free air clip for plans of sex education.A In other states such as Britain, the inquiry of sex served with more sunglassess of esthesis that has a negative impact on sexual instruction for immature people, as described in The Fight Over Sex Education in Public Schools. To better the efficiency of an incorporate attack to arouse instruction plans were considered non in isolation from other issues and is an of import constituent of broader enterprises aimed to better the wellness and well-being of immature people. It is of import to detect the different attack, since many states have big populations of immigrants with their distinct from the host state ‘s cultural traditions. Sexual instruction should non be a impermanent run demands changeless work in this way, achieved over the period of its execution will non vouch success, farther advancement when the plan stopping points. Besides I would wish to observe that easy entree of young person to school or other educational chances is an of import facet of HIV prevention.A Higher instruction is non merely associated with safer sexual behaviour and subsequently oncoming of sexual activity – traveling to school gives pupils the chance to take part in school instruction plans on gender and HIV bar. In many states immature people have no entree to instruction on sex and wellness instruction in schools because parents and other governments fear that it will take to early sexual activity.A Nevertheless, there are obliging informations obtained from surveies around the universe and in different civilizations, which really suggests that sex instruction increases the degree of responsibility.A Educated immature people are normally delayed sexual intercourse or usage rubbers if they have sex, as stated in How to Bring An End to the War Over Sex Ed. However, statistics shows that information is non enough.A Young people besides need life accomplishments, such as the ability to do determinations, ability to pass on and negotiate.A They need to understand the construct of hazard behaviours such as unprotected sex, intoxicant and drug maltreatment, the possible effects of such behaviour and how to avoid them.A They besides need to cognize where to travel for services and assistance.A AIDS instruction should include all these facets. The most effectual attacks to education on sex and wellness instruction in schools, among other things include the usage of role-playing games to personalise issues and common instruction, where immature people learn how to circulate information and promote responsible behaviour among their friends and co-workers. Besides I would wish to depict state of affairs with instruction outside school. Young people that non go toing school, are a diverse group that includes those who stopped go toing school or college, kids whose households that can non afford to pay school fees or necessitate to assist kids in domestic work andA kids populating on the street. These immature people are frequently peculiarly vulnerable to HIV.A Feelings of unhappiness, disaffection, and sometimes hopelessness due to the fact that they do non take part in life with others, they can seek redemption and pleasance in drugs, intoxicant or sex. Supplying them with information and accomplishments necessary to protect them from HIV, poses a particular problem.A What they do non go to school or work, doing them hard to reach.A In add-on, they have different degrees of literacy. Experience shows that one of the most effectual schemes is to educate equal, which includes preparation of young person non go toing school how to go thr ough information to others. Those who spend educating equal, understand the lives and concerns of other immature people non go toing school, and, accordingly, high credibleness. Another effectual scheme involves the usage of such agencies of amusement, like street theatre, music and marionette shows, which attract people who can stress the job and pass their clip avoiding hazardous behaviour, as described in Facts on Sexual activity Education in the United States. Taking into consideration all mentioned above I want to do a decision with my ain words. Sexual instruction can be really effectual in cut downing the prevalence of hazardous behaviour ( I mean intoxicant, drugs ) and, furthermore, may take to delay of sexual introduction and fewer sexual spouses among immature people.A Comprehensive sex instruction instills accomplishments of equal duologue between striplings and between striplings and parents, and by and large contributes to a healthier life style. The inquiry of the expedience and necessity of sex instruction in schools is discussed a twelve old ages. No 1 argues that instruction can be good and bad it is non depend on sex instruction plan, it depends on instructor. One and the same course of study in mathematics, conducted by a gifted instructor, can do a mastermind from the pupil, but in the custodies of unintelligent instructor of all time recapture the involvement to larn from gifted pupil. I would wish to state it is non the affair of plan, plan can merely depict the scope of issues that instructor demands to show. Quality of learning this sensitive topic is really of import. In sentiment behaviour to Sexual instruction depends on media – which shape public sentiment on this issue. I am positive that none of enlightened parents will non come into his caput to pick up kid from school because they do non hold with Ohm ‘s jurisprudence, or Darwin ‘s evolutionary theory, which, by the way, is contrary to all spiritual canons, but why they do it merely because of such capable like sexual instruction? It is merely efforts to fault educational systems in all the jobs reflected to their kids. Today, when the chief information beginning is the Internet and about every household in United States has connected to it, parents have no longer possible to shut the house for the key to all ailments. All of this can non perchance understand â€Å" the title-holders of morality † for which sex instruction is a sex-educational plan for future cocottes. Thankss to technological advancement, everyone can happen an reply to his inquiry, but if kids have non yet asked the right inquiries, I am certainly ; the system of sex instruction will assist them screen things out.

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View – Summary

Deeper Insight by Use of Point of View The majority of authors use literary elements to build up their story. However, the author of the short story â€Å"Barn Burning† uses one particular element to build up his own story in a very unique format. William Faulkner uses various literary elements in the story, but the most critical one is point of view. Faulkner uses point of view to develop characters, the theme, and the plot of the story.Faulkner’s use of point of view helps the reader understand who the characters are, how the characters develop, and aids in understanding the characters actions throughout the story. Faulkner uses a nonparticipant narrator as well as Sarty’s thoughts and views for point of view. This unique usage provides readers to infer and interpret the characters. This point of view raises an interesting question. Does the narrator defend Abner throughout the story? The illustration of the fire building passage provides us with proof of the d efense. †¦that the element of fire spoke to some deep mainspring of his father's being, as the element of steel or of powder spoke to other men, as the one weapon for the preservation of integrity, else breath were not worth the breathing, and hence to be regarded with respect and used with discretion. † (Yunis 1). The narrator speaks of Abner’s use of fires as how he dealt with being in the lowest of low classes and his feeling of injustice. By the narrator focusing on the barn burnings in this way, it makes the reader feel sympathy for Sarty and the rest of his family without ever having to state it.Not only does it provide the reader with sympathy for the family, but also a better understanding of Abner. If the narrator did not inform us of the lowness of life Abner lived then the beating of his children, his unlawfulness, his disrespect, and his barn burning would just imply that he was evil. Abner was indeed a very evil man, but the defense of Abner by the nar rator gives the reader a better understanding of Abner’s characteristics and actions. When the point of views shifts into Sarty’s thoughts, Sarty does not necessarily defend his father’s actions, knowing they are wrong, but instead tries to understand them.From the beginning of the story, when Sarty is asked to testify in the case involving his father and Mr. Harris, Sarty is conflicted. He knows he should be honest and tell the truth, but he knows loyalty is vital to his father. In the end, he chooses to follow his father’s commands. However, as Sarty matures he chooses to value honesty over loyalty which ends up costing his father’s life. Themes of â€Å"Barn Burning† greatly submerge from Faulkner’s use of point of view.One theme in particular is the theme of Sarty’s search for peace. Relating back to the courtroom case, Sarty is loyal to his father. His loyalty to his father brings only violence within his family and confli ct within himself. Sarty finds no escape from the vicious environment he is surrounded in until they arrive at Major de Spain’s house. At this point the point of view shifts in and out between Sarty’s thoughts and the narrator. â€Å"Hit’s big as a courthouse he thought quietly; with a surge of peace and joy†¦They are safe from him.People whose lives are a part of this peace and dignity are beyond his touch†¦the spell of this peace and dignity rendering even the barns and stable and cribs which belong to it impervious to the puny flames he might contrive†¦Maybe he will feel it too. Maybe it will even change him now from what maybe he couldn’t help but be. † (Faulkner 159). Sarty believes at this point he will find peace at last, he has escaped violence, and that his father will change. He believes his father will see that the house is too magnificent to destroy. However, the size of the house does not faze his father.Only a few momen ts later Abner purposely steps in horse manure, walks into the house, and soils an expensive rug. Faulkner’s use of point of view is critical to the development of the plot of the story. By entering Sarty’s mind the reader understands how he is developing. The narrator aids in the plot build-up by describing the events occurring in the story. The reader learns at the beginning of the story (scene of courtroom) that Sarty is already conflicted between family loyalty and his own morals. At this point the reader understands that Sarty will eventually have to choose between family loyalty and his own morals.All of this sets up the plot of the story due to the fact that the climax of the story is Sarty's final decision of this confliction. He struggles with this confliction throughout the story which first establishes itself at the beginning in the courtroom. Sarty’s decision to tell Major de Spain of his father’s plan to burn his barn exposes his ultimate cho ice of his own morals over family loyalty. Major de Spain shoots and kills his father because of Sarty's warning that Abner was going to burn his barn. It is only after Abner’s death when Sarty finds something related to, but not quite peace.Although there will be no more fires, lies, beatings, and violence, his father is no more as well. The use of point of view is crucial to William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"Barn Burning†. Point of view helps the reader to learn who the characters are and the reasons behind their actions, provides a better insight to the themes of the story, and supports plot development. Without the unique use of point of view it would be very difficult to understand the story because â€Å"the narrator can do for Sarty what the young Sarty cannot: he understands Abner's anti-social behavior, his anger†¦ an tell the truth about Abner's fires†¦ † (Yunis 6). The use of point of view in this intricate form provides deeper ins ight to the story as a whole.Works Cited Faulkner, William. â€Å"Barn Burning. † Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, and Writing. Ed. X. J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. 11th ed. New York: Longman, 2010. 155-67. Print. Yunis, Susan S. â€Å"The Narrator of Faulkner's â€Å"Barn Burning†. † The Faulkner Journal 6. 2 (Spring 1991): 23-31. Literary Resource Center. Web. 3 Oct. 2012.

Cutting Operating Cost Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cutting Operating Cost - Essay Example Therefore, by cutting operating costs, Method will be able to reduce its liabilities and increase its assets. This means that if the company had been spending $200 million on expenses, and then it manages to cut this to $150, the company will be able to decrease liabilities by $50 million. This, on the other hand, will increase the assets of the company by $50 million in the form of hard cash or money in the bank. The method may decide to invest in green business activities, which may prove to be expensive initially or in the short run. In order to undertake such activities, the company might be forced to purchase new equipment or upgrade its equipment to make sure that it is able to embrace green business activities. This may prove costly in the short run. However, in the long run, this may help the company save costs and improve efficiency. For instance, when method decided to improve the efficiency of their shipping, they decided to purchase biodiesel trucks. These were additional costs to the company. However, they helped the company to save on fuel used for shipping. This is due to the fact that the trucks that use biodiesel fuel are able to get 13% more miles for each diesel gallon. Yes, I think that over the years household companies have realized that green products can help them be efficient and save costs. Research conducted in the year 2008 showed that the use of eco-friendly household products was expected to rise from 3% in the year 2008 to about 30% by the year 2013. This is a huge increase and in order to tap into this market, many households companies have decided to go green. In addition to tap into this ever-growing market for eco-friendly household products, the companies may also have realized the benefits that they may enjoy by growing green.  

Impact and flexure tests on hampfibre Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Impact and flexure tests on hampfibre - Essay Example Before analyzing the given data, we must have a look at the basic preliminaries and definitions about the deformation, impact velocity, Hooke’s law and others, Deformation Deformation is the study in continuum mechanics which defines the transformation of an object (material) from its original (reference) shape to a newly adapted form. Deformation can be caused by the external stress (force) effects such as electromagnetic force, gravity, stress, strain and load or temperature. Impact velocity It is the relative measure of the velocity of one object to another in a very small transient time before the interaction of the two objects (interaction could be the result of applied force). In ideal scenario the velocity of the impacting object must not be reduced to 0 and it rarely happens in practical situations. velocity_(impact) = (m_1\vec v_(1f) + m2 vec v_(2f))/m_1 ~ Vec_v shows the velocity vector*. Hooke’s law Hooke’s law is a concept of classical mechanics which discusses the force needed to compress or extend the shape by an amount X (distance). Hooke’s law is also a measure of the deformation of solid bodies as long as deformation impact is small. It is also defined as the first order linear approximation or the material response studied in material science and material engineering (Bansal, 2010). Plastic region: Area under the stress-strain graph after bypassing which, the permanent change and deformation in a material starts occurring. This plastic region is shown in the stress strain graph as the highest point in the curve. Before plastic limit, there is an elastic limit under which the material does not deform itself but it remained confined in the actuality of its originality. However as soon as the elastic and the plastic limit is breached Plastic deformation take place in this deformation, upon uplifting the force and the load, the material does not regain its shape but it tends to adapt the newly deformed shape as the cons equence of the load applied to bring about the change of the shape. Stress: Any force applied in purpose to change the shape and objet and to make that object slide against its own structure. \Shear Stress: It is the force which attempts to deform an object by applying pressure on the surface of the object. Sress = Force/Area (i.e. force per unit area) Stress is not a vector. It is a tensor. Elastic Deformation: region in the stress-strain graph where the deformation take place in a transient mode. It means that the deformation in this region is temporary. Beyond this limit, the material experiences plastic deformation which is permanent. Figure #1 The above figure shows the effect of the impact velocity on the three shapes and different samples. The above figure shows that the impact velocity of the 30 degree conical and the 90 degree conical shape is nearly the same because of having a harmony in the shape (as both are conical). The next shape which is a hemispherical shape, the f igure shows that it has less impact of the relative impact velocity as compared to the rest of the figures. Because the hemisphere has a changed shape and surface as compared to the conical tip, it exhibits an elasto-plastic dynamic behavior under examination. This also relates with the hemispherical heavenly bodies and other cosmological objects who while colliding with each other do not cause any explosion or sudden disruption, but are slowly deformed resulting catastrophic vibration (seismic) activities. Figure # 2 This diagram shows the effect of the load variation and its results on the various samples of three different shapes. With the varying samples of these conical 30, conical 90 and hemispheres shapes the load is also being shown to be varying and gradually rising under the scenario of the change of the shapes. This shows that as the shapes change the ability to deform an object or bypassing its deforming threshold and the requirement of the force to perform this task var ies in accordance with the

Business Law exam 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Law exam 2 - Essay Example This indicates that the female employee was not being pressurized through organizational apparatus to socialize with the male employee. There is some indication to the creation of a hostile environment by the female employee herself by socializing with a male employee in this fashion. The female employee’s adverse reaction to the male employee’s advances changed the situation altogether. She was denied fair compensation and pay raise for her work. There is little explanation for the sudden fall in her quality of work from the company’s end making coercion through official apparatus a strong possibility. The lack of response from the human resources department especially its lack of providing a sexual harassment mechanism to deal with the situation is also clear. This also serves to indicate that employer and his other agents were fully aware and complacent over the situation. The female employee had to seek psychiatric assistance in order to resolve her issues, w hich in turn indicate grievous damage to herself. Such conduct had both a â€Å"deleterious† as well as â€Å"severe and pervasive† effect on the female employee without doubt. Furthermore, the harassment occurred during employment which makes the employer vicariously liable. The move by the male employee to settle down the situation by offering greater rewards also casts doubt on the male employee’s motives. Given the circumstances of the case, it is clear that sexual harassment laws apply to the case. The employer’s attitude of ignoring complaints made by the female employee means that the tort of Constructive Damage has been set in motion. On another note, it is clear that although sexual undertones and overtones may have existed in the organization but these were latent only. In this fashion, such sexual tones cannot be considered as hostile environment. Furthermore, the female employee’s outstanding performance in the first six

Developmental psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Developmental psychology - Essay Example As children enter into an era of experiences, every experience is new for their memory according to which the structures in the brain or schema are reshaped, impacting the linguistic, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children. This notion proves that knowledge cannot be transferred directly from the teacher to the learner. In other words, in order to make children learn, knowledge must be constructed or reconstructed in such a manner so that ‘information’ is easily accessible to the children (Ryan & Cooper, 2000, p. 346). Piaget and Vygotsky emphasised upon the significance of social perspectives in developmental psychology but in different directions. Piaget was formally involved in discovering the social interest of child development. In contrast, Vygotsky emphasised the influence of the specific content of external structuring resources (Miller & Carpendale, 2004, p. 3) and theorised that social interaction shapes intellectual development. Vygotsky believe in language development and thought through social interaction. While conducting various developmental experiments his view for social interaction revolves around egocentric speech. According to the ‘Socio-cognitive theory’ it is already proven that children seek new understandings only with the help of social interaction (Johnson, 2003). This new understanding is what today perceived as ‘new technology’ helpful in providing new learning methods not only to children, but to us so that we can equip ourselves with new tec hnological advances that makes learning easier and interesting for our children. One such tool which has influenced our perception and methodology in context with children social development is the use of computers. Researchers reveal that since computers are introduced in the classroom and at homes, educators and parents have debated over

Chemistry of common preservatives Research Paper

Chemistry of common preservatives - Research Paper Example A great amount of interchangeability does not exist because of specific inhibitory actions towards bacteria, or molds or yeasts. Although microbes may not be avoided in non-sterile preparations, attempts are made to ensure that potentially pathogenic microbes are absent. The presence and subsequent growth of microbes may lead to many chemical changes and loss of quality of food preparations, pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. The potential for this loss of quality may occur at any of the many stages between acquisition of the raw material and eventual consumption of the finished product. The history of chemical and physical preservation is closely associated with the history and development of antimicrobial agents. Since the ancient times a scientific basis of antisepsis, disinfection and preservation has evolved over the last 150-160 years. Modern research brings to light that the use of preservatives has not been an alien concept to mankind in history. For centuries, preservatives, in the natural form, have been used in the pickling process, development of dyes and colors, prevention of microbial action on wounds, perishable goods such as vegetables, dairy etc. The Native Americans even relied on the use of adding bacteria the drying process1 .The most amazing and innovative use of preserving agents was exhibited by the Egyptians in the mummification process of the dead bodies of the rulers. The use of oils and resins to quicken or slow down the decaying process were used to best effect by the Egyptian Civilization. Nowadays, food preservation has dramatically reduced, Combination of preservatives may reduce overall concentration of a preservative and natural preservative system could replace the classical ones to minimize the adverse effects. It is the simplest acid of aromatic series. It is permitted as a preservative in food-stuffs, drugs and cosmetics as sodium or potassium salt of benzoic acid. It is

Discussion Forum Post Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Forum Post - Essay Example People of West civilization don’t depend on Church and as Tomas Jefferson wrote Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, this is how it should be (Jefferson, T). But I think these three will be unhappy to find out that developing reason we began to depend on our weaknesses, our bends instead. Voltaire, who was skeptic about idea all people should be equal could say, â€Å"Told you!† meaning for example, industry of art now depends on low educated mass needs. We spend fewer resources on science and medicine than on entertainment and wars. Indeed, both World Wars can be examples how scientific-technical progress can help to cause a great damage. Human nature appears to be more complicated mechanism than â€Å"tabula rasa† – pure blackboard with learned ideas written on it, as John Locke thought. Enlightenment is about spreading knowledge, so I think three of them will be fascinated about Internet where anyone can find information in Encyclopedias which enlighteners firstly invented. And that West civilization has a highest percent of educated population, so almost everyone can write and read, and all humans (never mind their physical differences) have the same rights and West civilization is really the one who stands for individualism. But still, to my mind, enlighteners will be disappointed that we’re missing a goal: Enlightenment is about becoming more ideal person using reason, not about using reason to stay as you

Short essay #1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Short #1 - Essay Example To this end, it is important to note that plagiarism is classified as an ethical breach and an academic offense. Moreover, the offense of plagiarism can be addressed as a tort in a court of law (" Copyright Website - Info"). In this case, it is classified as a copyright infringement. Evidently, violation of a copyright by a plagiarist could right result into a law suit being filed against the perpetrator upon production of a legally registered copyright. The repercussions of plagiarism among students in college are very dire since it ruins one’s academic path as well as destroying the long term career plans. Examples of penalties extended to a plagiarist include suspension, cancelling of academic grades or even expulsion. There are several reasons why students are found guilty of plagiarism. Foremost, some students engage in plagiarism out of laziness ("ASU Sociology Department†). In such a scenario, a lazy student sources the internet for assignment answers in websites such as Wikipedia and eventually copies and pastes the information word for word. The student ignores the art of studious research and opts for short cuts in completing term papers and other assignments. Another cause for plagiarism by students is ignorance. In such a scenario, the student carelessly gathers information from a variety of online and book sources without dully acknowledging the authors ("ASU Sociology Department†). Moreover, the student assumes that no one will notice the plagiarised work and presents the work without citing all outside sources used. The third cause for plagiarism is arrogance by the students. In this case, the student assumes that he or she can outsmart the professor when doing assignments without citing sources used. On the contrary, the student stands a high chance of getting caught since the

Linguistic anthropology Essay Example for Free

Linguistic anthropology Essay Linguistic anthropology is defined as ‘an interdisciplinary field dedicated to the study of language as a cultural resource and speaking as a cultural practice’ (Duranti, 2001) or ‘investigate the relationship between communication and culture’ (Sociology and Anthropology Website, 2010). It is also ‘the study the role language plays in culturally patterned behavior’ (Stanton, 2000). This branch of anthropology utilizes ‘detailed documentation’ of people’s communicative interaction with each other in any social activity. It also focuses on subjective research through oral interviews, recorded transcription and active participation of the subjects. It has garnered interest from the academic field as more studies had been made with credible sources and maintaining the emphasis on systematic and empirical research. Language and culture are the key factors in the linguistic anthropology; it was often pointed out with linguists that children learn the language along with their society’s culture at the same time. Grammar, syntax, accent, dialects often arrived with surprising results. This branch of study often concludes the identity of the speakers; how they speak, why certain accents are received with prejudice or acceptance, etc. Having a linguist working with me, specializing in Political Science would be a very interesting and intellectual camaraderie. Culture is one of the significant factors in the Political Science field; its study is usually of game play of power and how to apply such influence on people. Linguistic anthropology’s methodology is also similar to that of Political Science. Interaction is necessary to achieve favor from the public masses whether for political campaigns or public relations within the government. Understanding different kinds of languages, even dialects, actually helped tremendously in comprehending the other parties’ identity in Society. Political Science is a study of power play and therefore must utilize soft power as much as possible to avoid damages in one’s society. Positive reinforcement to the different kinds of people, whether they are natives or foreigners, elite or poor, and men or women, would be impossible without understanding the language structure of the said subjects (Duranti, 2001). References: Duranti, A. (2001) Linguistic Anthropology. Retrieved on 5 May 2010 from, http://www. sscnet. ucla. edu/anthro/faculty/duranti/reprints/02ling_anth. pdf Stanton, W. (2000). Linguistic Anthropology of Education. Retrieved on 5 May 2010 from, http://www. gse. upenn. edu/~stantonw/pdf/lae. pdf Sociology and Anthropology Website. (2010). What is Linguistic Anthropology? Retrieved on 5 May 2010 from, http://www. mystfx. ca/academic/sociology/anthropology/LinguisticAnthropology. html

Human resource management Essay Example for Free

Human resource management Essay Human resource management is a sequence of decisions that gives the employment relationships, these decisions leads to the success of the organization and allows the employees to reach their target. Human resource management is related with the attitudes of the people and their taste. As every company works with the people, by taking their services, it develops their skills so that they give their level best talent and giving the support so that they can continue in the organization showing their talent that is necessary for the organization to achieve their goals. This is the necessary condition for every company like: business, government, education, social and education, health departments. Human resource planning, directing , organizing of the procurement is to develop, maintain, separate the human resource to the end of the individual, organization and social objectives to be achieved. The term Human Resource Management has many forms of definitions stated by different people in different perspectives, and still there is no standard and fixed definition for it. Because it is the management of different people with varieties of needs and vast individual opinions, there is no standard or strict policy kind of rules to manage people. The Human Resource Management is nothing but managing the employees in an organization with certain policies particularly dependent on the basis of organization and the kind of business it does. 1. 4 Purpose Statement The main purpose of selecting this particular topic is that I my self very much interested in the human resource management and its concepts. Because of the interest on HRM I have read many books and articles on the human resource management and the human resource strategies I came to know that the HRM and the HRM strategies are the main aspects that are leading to the success of the organization, so this statement initiated me to conduct the research on the HRM and get more information on it and provide my new ideas and views for the future enhancements. Chapter 2 Literature Review Meaning of human resource management Human resource management is the management function that allows the human resource managers to select, train, and develop the skills of the members in the organization. In addition, human resource management is associated with the needs of the people. Human resource management is referred by the activities, functions and programs that are carried out.Core Elements of human resource management People: organization itself is the people. It works with the talent of the people. Management: human resource management has to maintain the organization, solve the problems that are present in the organization. Integration and consistency: decisions taken by the human resource management regarding the people must be integrated and consisted. Influence: decisions taken should influence the people by increasing their productivity in the market and allowing the company to get succeed. Applicability: human resource management principles and policies are applicable to human resource management and non human resource management like education, health, etc. 2. 2 Role of human resource management 2. 2. 1 Advisory role: Human resource management gives solutions to any problems that are affecting the people, personnel policies and procedures. a). Personnel policies: organizational structure, social responsibility, employee terms and conditions, rewards, career and promotion, development and industrial policies are the personnel policies. b). Personnel procedures: man power planning procedures, recruitment and selection procedures, employment and training, management and development, industrial relations are the personnel procedures. 2. 2. 2 Functional role: The personnel functions help to communicate the personnel policies. It provides the support to the manager, which will enable that the given policies are implemented. 2. 2. 3 Service role: Personnel functions are provided by the employees who will work for the all time. The services are in the hands of personnel departments. They carry out the main activities of their services and implement the policies and practices that are given above. 2. 3 Challenges of human resource management in Indian economy 2. 3. 1 Globalization Growing the business to the world wide involves the problems on the human resource management in terms of laws, practices, competitions, management styles, work ethics and more. Human resource managers have to deal with many challenges of functions, more heterogeneous functions, more involvement in employees personnel. 2. 3. 2 Corporate re-organization Reorganization relates to mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, takeovers, internal constructions of organization. In these situations it is more difficult to imagine the circumstances that create great problems to them than reorganizing itself. It is a challenge to manage employees fears during the dynamic trends. 2. 3. 3 New organizational forms The main challenge for the human resource management comes from the changing the characters. The competitions are not between the individual forms and group firms. Major companies are running through the local suppliers and forgings. This leads to rise of the new organizational forms. 2. 3. 4 Challenging demographics of work place Changes in the work place are largely related by the dual nature. There is difference between the young blood and old age employees, working mothers, more educated and sensitive workers. These challenging work forces have their effects on human resource managers and from the human resource point of view it is a great challenge. 2. 3. 5 Changed employee expenditure With the changes in the work place the employees attitude also has to be changed. Traditional things like giving house, job security, remuneration are not interested by the employees today instead they the equality and power along with the management. Hence it is the challenge for the human resource management to redesign the profile of the workers and discover the new methods that are liked by the workers like training and supporting them for their work. 2. 3. 6 New industrial relation approach In todays world the employees union has understood that strikes and militancy are not having much importance and are unnatural. The employee union membership has fallen severely and the future labor is of dangerous. The challenge before the human resource management is to maintain the industrial relations so as control the challenges and get grip over them. 2. 3. 7 Renewed people focus Todays world and business need is the peoples approach. The structure, strategy and systems that had worked in the past have no importance in the present situation with the increasing competitions. The challenge of the human resource management is to make people continue and reasonable to the work in the organization. 2. 3. 8 Managing the managers Managers are very unique from the others, they thing that they are different class apart from the others. They command for the decision making, bossism, and operational freedom. When these things are given to them in the past they have misused their powers in removing their coworkers and the talent, hard working employees. The challenge before the human resource management is how to manage this problem. How to make them realize that they have given freedom to make the decisions and implement them but not to misuse. 2. 3. 9 Weaker society interests Other important challenge for the human resource management is to protect the interest of weaker society. The increase in the women workers, minorities and the backward communities has lead to re-examine the practices policies and values. In the name of the globalization, the productivity, quality, the needs of weaker should not be given up. It is a challenge for human resource management to see that weaker sections are not seen and their rightful jobs are not discriminated in services. 2. 3. 10 Contribution to the success of organization The main challenge of the human resource management is to make all the employees to work for the success of the company in an ethical and culturally responsible way, because the society mainly depends on the organization. 2. 4 Human resource management overview The term Human Resource Management has many forms of definitions stated by different people in different perspectives, and still there is no standard and fixed definition for it. Because it is the management of different people with varieties of needs and vast individual opinions, there is no standard or strict policy kind of rules to manage people. The Human Resource Management is nothing but managing the employees in an organization with certain policies particularly dependent on the basis of organization and the kind of business it does. Managing the people with different mentalities, different approaches they follow, different complexities in their thinking, makes the task very difficult for the management. So to continuously improve this process of managing the human resources in the organization, the institutional (e. g. universities) and specialized bodies (e. g.Chattered institute of personal and development CPID) keep busy in investigating on development of new HR related issues faced or to be faced and at the same time practices and remedies to be followed. Managing the people with different mentalities, different approaches they follow, different complexities in their thinking, makes the task very difficult for the management. So to continuously improve this process of managing the human resources in the organization, the institutional (e. g. universities) and specialized bodies (e. g.Chattered institute of personal and development CPID) keep busy in investigating on development of new HR related issues faced or to be faced and at the same time practices and remedies to be followed. 2. 5 HRM resoruces As stated by Werner felt, the word Resource in the context of an organization is defined as Any aspect that may become a strength or weakness of a given organization including substantial and visionary valuable assets of the organization. The organizational resources can be segregated into human resources, technological resources and financial resources. In these three resources of organization, philosophy and the character of human resource management is under considerable scrutiny with continuous debate on the subject. As it is dealing with managing vast varieties of individuals, there is no widely accepted definition. But below given are some of the definitions of Human Resource Management from early years specified by different people in different perspective, which can be used for capturing the glimpse of its idea in use: The main function of the Human Resource Management for an organization is to find the best possible way to utilize the abilities of the employees to the greatest possible benefit and development of the organization and at the same time make sure that employees get financial as well as personal growth and psychological rewards for their work (Graham, 1978). Storey (1995: 5) stated Human Resource Management is individual approach for the management of employees, which needs structural, cultural and skilful measures to take advantage of well capable and dedicated employee resources. 2. 6 Human resource management in the organization The department of Human Resource is treated by most of the organizations as an administrative body and its association with the strategic plans is mostly ignored. Even though HR is about the employees who are very important for any organization, the Human resource department is only included in planning of the organization, but most of the time it is not utilized actively and strategically. Even though the Human Resource is not considered as an important factor in the strategy development and is not associated with strategy of the organization, the effect and success of the Human resource is invisible. Human resource is treated as a department policing the administration properly in hiring and firing as per the letter of law. Strategic Human resource practices are more existing concepts, which is entirely different from administrative function. So organizations ignore most of the time these practices to improve the bottom line business results (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). Strategic Human Resource management can be defined by (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997) as the design and fulfillment of a group of policy practices made by the organization for the best utilization of the human capital contributions for the achievement of the required business objectives. Human resource people often do not act as the exact business persons and become responsible for lack of credibility in gaining business, so are unable to contribute for the success of the organization and its strategies for the development. 2. 7 The importance of Human Resource being Strategic Human resource should not be involved only in the strong administrative foundation of the organization, but also come up with the successful strategy which influences the financial bottom line of the company. Human resource should take active role in planning, guiding itself to provide continuous eventually effective strategies which will be recognized by the organization for the competitive success. It should monitor at regular intervals and also evaluate the strategies being followed and strategies need to be improved, so that Human resource play active role to be recognized as the peoples department in success of the organization. This concludes that strategic approach of the company along with Human resource completely involved in every strategy implementation will ensure that the organizations business goals can be effectively achieved by the use of skilful and able employees to the maximum effect (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). 2. 8 The consequences of Human resource not being strategic 2. 8. 1 Human Resource being too involved in administration Apart from the main function of the Human resource department being strategic effectiveness in the development of the employees, the other function is to take care of the administration of the organization, where the department spends most of the time. This administrative work involves Human resource person in handling the selection process, recruitment strategies, appraisals based on performance, plans for the compensation (Huselid, Jackson, Schuler, 1997). Human resource department should give importance to both administrative and strategic effectiveness, because the administration is the basic building blocks for the foundation and functioning of the organization and cannot be ignored. So after the basic organization is formed, the Human resource should concentrate more on the strategic development for the effective utilization of the employees skills effectively. 2. 8. 2 The poor human resource Personal competencies Due to the reason that sometimes the human resource is ineffective in tasks, incompetent and costly in maintenance, Human resource bad reputation is treated as well deserved. The change in the Human resource persons thinking and acting could bring the change expected by the senior management and they can start believing that Human resource can play active role in strategic planning and implementation of the organization. Human resource must upgrade them by learning about the business, culture of the work to influence the positive change in the organization and at the same time increase the credibility of the human resource department. Human resource should give more importance to the business competitiveness than employees personal good feelings and must also lead the organizations work culture. Human resource should be more competent supporting staff as well for the organization (Ulrich, 1997). 2. 8. 3 The human resource not measured in dollars As most of the people believe that Human resource is group of clerks who work more in processing benefit forms, taking care of administration paper work and tracking employees vacation days, and think that there is no strategic accountability apart from these administrative functions, the accountability of the Human resource is always being questioned (Galford, 1998). The Human resource department should play active role with full potential in creating the organization value and work with good strategies for profitable returns on the investment made by the organization (Frangos, Fitzenz, 2002). Normally, Human resource strategic play brings more business returns to the organization, but there is no proper business measure for this achievement. Mostly the human resource value is measured based on the cost savings in administrative and recruiting process of the employees. As Human resource lack the tools to measure the business value of the strategic gains for the organization, most of the industry researches reveal that 60% so the Human resource people play less role and only 40% of the people actively take part in strategy table for the development of the company. This is the conclusive reason for Human resource not being considered as an strategic asset to the organization. 2. 8. 4 The human resource not in co-ordination with other department goals. Human resource need to me more aligned with the over-all strategy of the organization to be more effective in business development of the organization. One of the Harward university survey says 80% of the Human resource departments has no planning for aligning itself with the other departments and its expenditures within the organization (Norton, 2001). Human resource need to be more interdependent and consulting body with all the departments and should take strategic approaches to align itself with entire departments and their strategies. Human resource need to support and contribute more in strategic involvement into different departments and different layers of the employees. This will improve the competitive advantage in the organization and leads to the business development. The main goal for human resource is to manage the human capital, motivate them which are one of the roles in being part of the broader organization management strategy. The human resource should be more involved with the top management and give appropriate support and align itself with the company strategy for the business development of the organization (Freedman, 2004). The overall company profits in the business depends on the Human resource involvement in the recruitment of persons with perfect match for the role, effectively encourage and motivate the employees, full contact with the top management, communicate well with the customers and co-coordinating all these departments. 2. 9 Strategic human resource management The way of doing something is the strategy. It includes t he execution of goals and set of action plans for gaining of the goal. Strategic management is a process of theorizing, executing and passing on the business plannings to achieve the companies goals. A set of managerial decisions and actions that determine the long term performance of organization is the strategic management. Environmental scanning, strategy theorizing, strategy execution, judging and control are included in this strategic management. The study of strategic management allows understanding the strengths and weakness of organization by evaluating the environmental opportunities. 2. 10 Role of human resource management in strategic management Role of strategy formulation: human resource management plays an unique role in supplying the competitive intelligence that will be helpful in strategic formulation. The human resource management can provide the details like advanced motivation plans used by the competitors the opinions given by the employees, bringing out the complaints given by the customers, information about the pending plannings etc. In strategic formulation the human resource capabilities serve as a driving force. Role of strategy implementation: human resource management gives the competition and the work force that will give the success of strategies. It is important that linkage strategy and human resource management needs the series of practice choice. The challenge is to develop the human resource practice choice that will be helpful in implanting the organization strategy and increase its competition. 2. 11 Human resource development Human resource development is the executing and increasing the physical, mental and emotional capabilities of individuals for productive work. Human resource development means to bring out the talent and the individual growth. Human resource development is a process to help the individual to gain the knowledge, improve the skills and capabilities, to performance well in the organization and increase the productivity. 2. 12 Proactive human resource strategies for future plannings and growth In todays competitive and challenging world the human resource development has to take a positive care to maintain the human relations. The human resource development has to play an important role in utilizing the all opportunities that are present to it for the development and success of the organization. Long term goals can be achieved by employing the efficient professionals who have aims to do the work. A proactive human resource development can execute the activities to get the competence and increase the productivity potential of human resource. 2. 13 Human resource planning Human resource planning is a process of having the sufficient people to do the given work at the right time having the ability to work efficiently so that the company can meet its objectives. Human resource planning is useful in giving information like estimating the number of people that are required for the work to be completed. To know how many people are required for the work is know by the human resource planning. Human resource planning plays an important role in avoiding the situations like having more or less people in the work place in future. Human resource enables the organization to go with the changing world like market, technology. Since jobs are based on intellectual skills and technical skills the human resource plannings help to prevent the storage of workers. In addition, due to the technical skills increasing the man power can decrease or increase in future. Human resource planning system Human resource planning system have the following elements for the planning.   The total organizational objectives   The business environment Giving the manpower needs   Evaluating the man power supply   Matching the man power supply demand factors 2. 14 Human resource planning process The objectives of human resource planning process are obtained from the organizational objectives like the necessity and working nature of the employees. Human resource should work on all the objectives by using all the man power that is available. In human resource planning process certain policies are to be made to make decisions like internal employing and external employing, giving the training and developing the plans, union restrictions, job improvement problems, rightsizing the organization, automation needs, continuous availability of the work force. Man power forecasting is the process which gives the information about the number of people that are required in the future. The demand forecasting has the following factors: The internal factor: The internal factor includes controlling of the budget, production levels, new products and services, organizational structure and employee separation. The external factor: The external factor includes competitive environment, economic climate, laws and regulatory bodies, technology changes, social factors. In the man power forecasting techniques the managers across all the levels depend on their own judgment. This can be bottom up or top down approach and judgment is reviewed in all departments and top management concludes on the total number of employees. Man power supply forecasting process measures the number of employees available that are present in and outside the organization after doing some of the changes like promotions, wastages, internal movement, conditions of work. 2. 15 Existing human resources Human resource facilitates the examination of the skills and abilities of employees. The employees that are working in the organization are categorized into skill inventories and managerial inventories. The skill inventories include personal data, special qualifications, salary, skills, job history, company data, capabilities, special preferences. The managerial inventories include work history, strengths, weakness, promotional potentials, personal data, career goals, number of subordinates, type of budget managed, previous management duties. Man power supply forecasting is categorized into internal and external supply. The internal supply is useful to know the following things: the level of production, working times, overtimes, leaves or absence, annual income, recruitments, promotions. The external supply is necessary for the following the reasons: new blood, new experiences, replacing the lost ones, organizational growth. Employees are selected based on the job vacancies. The selection of employees required is done on the basis of supply forecasts. For the selection process the internal and external supplies are used. Human resource professional gives the training to the employees and budget allocation is made for them. When the technology changes the existing employees are to be trained or they have to be shifted to the other departments where they can show their talent. 2. 15. 1 Managerial succession planning. Many methods are used for the managerial succession. Many of the successions involves the top management decisions and commitment. A typical succession plans have the following activities *Examination of demand for managers and professionals   Skills of existing executives   Knowing the future from the supply of external and internal factors   Individual career path planning Career counseling   Increased promotions   Performance related training and development Strategic recruitment Human resource plan should clarify the responsibilities for controlling and establishing of procedures, which will enable the achievements of plans. Succession planning Succession planning is the process of filling of the main positions in the organization by the persons. The main concentration is on the person who is taking the main position of the organization. Succession planning mainly concentrates on the vacancies that are present in the company and filling that vacancy with the appropriate one. Succession planning comes into light when an important person is retired. The employee feels happy when his talents are recognized by the organization and the vacancy is filled by him. By having the talented employee in the organization the organization can get succeeded. 2. 15. 3 Career planning Career planning is the process offered by the company to the employees to know their talents, weakness, jobs they wanted to occupy in the organization. Career planning is a sequence of professional, educational and developmental experiences that allows the individual to go the world of work. It is the sequence of positions occupied by the person. Career can also be considered as the mixtures of the changes in values, attitudes and the support given to the person as he grows. Career planning is regarded as the developmental questions of the organization. It is also concerned with the employment of the graduates, engineers, scientists etc. Career planning gives the succession plans to the employees as per the organizational needs. Career planning is based on the performance, and experience. The objectives of the career planning are building up the confidence in the individual, develop the perspective, reducing the expenses of the employee, make certain organizational effectiveness, allow the employee to reach his goals in the organization.

Explanation Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication English Language Essay

Explanation Of Verbal And Non Verbal Communication English Language Essay In this assignment I will be started by elucidating The importance of communication, and then I explained about verbal and non-verbal communication in sharing information and experiences, build vision, create learning environment and collaborative work culture. Typically, I brought the explanation of both verbal and nonverbal communication. Besides, it flowed the critical discussion on the functions of both communication skills. Finally, the article then seeks some of the suggestions on the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of verbal and nonverbal communications. 1. The importance of Communication It is fundamental that everyone is skilled of reading, writing, and communicating. Obviously, many people lack the important skills needed for effective communication. There are lots of educated people in this current age but many of them have poor communication skills. Clear and planned manner of smooth language is also a most imperative and functional utility, it is the medium to express information. Besides, well organized and effective communication is always found as a success of a person such as personal relationships, between members of different ideas and cultures, and in ones personal and professional life. Hence, effective communication is the most important key that we use to transmit information. Communication takes place all the times, and unexpectedly. Moreover, it happens either verbally or non-verbally. This can be seen in various activities. For example; listening, talking, watching movies, thinking, watching television programs, discussions, or mediating. Even though, a very silent person who may be communicating within himself as he is thinking of something. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that the communication can be seen in several characteristics such as our personal lives, carrier advancement, Ethics in communication, adapting in a multi-culture society, and changes in technology and relationships. 2. Explanation of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication 2.1 Communication in Personal Life Additionally, communication is the foundation of interaction between two or more people in personal life. Similarly, according to Murphy, P. (2007), when dealing with the arising issues in ones personal life, good and effective communication is vital. Likewise, if we have any relationship with someone, communication is what sustain the affiliation jovial. In essence, instead of agreeing on everything, showing respect and talking with reality are more crucial. Since, the relationship becomes deeper and develops, appears a good example. 2.2 Communication in Career improvement According to Malhotra, V. ( 2012) , stated that the effective communication plays a centre role of the usage of the words such as words, modulation, pronounciation, voice variation, pitch, and body language. He added that the correct tool to communicate the right messages at the most appropriate time can pick up a crises and encourage people to work toward success. As truly said by Dr.Zimmerman, (2009), communication works for those who work at it. This means communication takes place in all the times but it is imperfect. In the globalization world, the first criteria of the job selection is not to be a first class degree but the effective communication skills. For example, as illustrated in the form of Maldives Civil Cervice Commision, the highest weightage is given to the interview section, which represents a set of communication skills. This is because the effective communication is a very essential component to make the organization and ones career success, which can be intra or external group. Therefore, taking responsibility and accountability help to encourage and sustain the career, and also support the functions of the organization runs smoothly. 2.3 Ethics in Communication Apparently, an effective communicator has a high morality and humanity when dealing others. Meantime, the communicator prove that the words he/she articulates is attained positively or negatively. Hence, positive language is a powerful weapon and it can help to win hearts of others. In short, ethical matters in communication are associated to the integrity and reliability of responsibilities and respect of the persons communication. 2.4 Adaptation in Multi-cultural Society According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), assured that the effective communication ability is to be adabted in to various cultures and contexts, which bring harmonious and sustainable environment in the work place. 2.5 Effects of Changes on Technology and relationship Moreover, technology revolution is the most whirlwind effect in the globalization world. Technology helps the delivery, sharing and receiving messages quickly. As it is a virtual communication, it has a broad impact to personal relationships and societies. Therefore, effective communication helps to change ones attitude and also to mould as an valuable person. 3 Types of Verbal and non-verbal Communication Generally, verbal and nonverbal communication border the meaning of conversations and both are used during face-to-face negotiations. As Lee, B. (2011), explained that the nonverbal signals are uniformly significant as the words and the voice modulation. Wherefore, verbal and nonverbal signals equally send a message and describe the relationship with others. 3.1 Organizational Communication Obviously, organizational communication is observed in establishing an ideal organization. Besides, the communication focuses on formal and informal information that arises in the context of the organization. Besides, both formal and informal communication are found as downward, upward, horizontal, cross-channel, and grapevine communication. Apparently, each of these types has different roles with considered to suitability of the organization. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), also explicated that there are eight types of Communication found in the working environment. These are included as interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, organizational, public, mass, intercultural, and online communication. In this assgnment, i will be elucidating organizational, interpersonal, and group communication. 3.2 Interpersonal Communication Comparatively, interpersonal communication is highly interacted with each other. Most often, it involves emotions. For example, humanity and empathy are vital in realizing the feeling of others. Interpersonal communication is also known as very unique because it is direct, personal, informal, and spontaneous information. 3.3 Group Communication Moreover, Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), also clarified that group communication is gradually arises the interactions between people until it shapes an entity. Group communication normally happens to solve problems, to form new ideas, and to get new experience. In general, it can define exchanging and recieving information between group members. 4. Types of verbal communication. According to Saylor, S. (n.d), mentioned that there are two main types of human verbal communication, speech and writing. In view of that, having more practice of speaking and writing makes one,s own effective communication skills excellent. Ever since, verbal skills go beyond in a wide variety of situations and styles, which consists both essential and advernced forms of personal interaction. Additionally, there are diverse types of communication. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), approved that these various types of communication have different charactoristics and functions. Besides, communication process does not happen by chance, but it comprises a choice of situation and has exact reasons. 4.1 Written Communication Evidently, written communication happens technically nonverbal, commonly uses ideas to convey words. For example, books, letters, email, texts, memos, magazines, newspapers and personal journals are used to express messages as written communication. Another form of verbal communication requires no speech. Written communication, while technically nonverbal, commonly falls under the umbrella of verbal communication for the use of words to convey ideas. 4.2 Electronic Communication In a fast developing world, electronic communication influences in a wide range. It is a speedy type of verbal communication. It is one way service, but it is not limited. For example, voice telephony, voice mail, email, fax services, teleconferencing, video conferencing, bulletin boards, internet service, web pages and etc. The purpose this is very clear now a days; nevertheless, like books in library, or classroom space, there are limitations that insure sensible use of facilities to enable them right to control usage through denying or controlling access to these facilities. It can use to teach easily by using the wide range of information through worldwide. Besides, it helps to develop the ethics of the whirlwind information by the help of teachers. Moreover, it can help to comply with the public law and reasonable standards of professional and personal politeness and conduct. 4.3 Spoken communication According to Mosel, S. (2010), confirmed that both speech and oral communication are spreading information, ideas, attitudes, from one person to another. Affirming to this, an effective communication needs to have a clear voice, good pronounciation, and the most sufficient meaning to convey the messages. Besides, an effective spoken communicator can also show some of the non-verbal communication skills in teaching as well. Likewise, posture and body language play a very important role in spoken communication. 5 Types of Non-verbal Communication Generally, non-verbal communication is known as body language and facial expressions. It is also used to support verbal communication. For example, a teacher asking to put the book on the table in verbal communication by pointing to the table. In many cases, we communicate information in nonverbal ways using groups of behaviors. For example, we might combine a frown with crossed arms and unblinking eye gaze to indicate disapproval. The following are some types of non-verbal communication. 5. 1 Facial Expression Markedly, facial expressions are accountable for a huge part of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world. 5. 2 Gestures Noticeably, deliberate movements and signals are an imperative way to communicate meaning without words. Hence, common gestures contain waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture. 5. 3 Eye Gaze Furthermore, looking, staring and blinking can also be important nonverbal behaviors. Think of how many relationships start with a man and woman making eye contact across a crowded area. Clearly, a playful wink tends to be more effective. whilst people come upon people or things that they like, the rate of blinking increases and pupils open. Looking at another person can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest and attraction. adding to this, just as a bright smile when we say congratulations reinforces the sincerity of our words. 6. Discussion on Functions of verbal and Non-verbal Communication   As mentioned before, communication is sharing thoughts, ideas and opinions through combined symbols and phrases. Definitely, good readers are good listeners and good listeners are better communicators. Good communication skills help us to go forward with specific set of goals with clarity. As a result, people need to initiate in pursuit of such goals, and need to devote the available relevant resources. In addition, when people have realized the target, they may share the aims with other people or use them in their work places. According to, Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that comparatively both verbal and non-verbal communications are vital in ways of persuading or shifting persons view towards something what is needed. Hence, they take part in our everyday context. As non-verbal communication process wordless messages, they are known through gestures, body language, posture, facial expression, and eye contact. According to Saran, S. (Dec 22, 2009), explicated that once we communicate verbally, subsist it in a presentation or discussion. Thus, our aim of the target will be achieving and the message will be clarifying to understand. Since, the receiver is an individual or a group of people, instead of written document the message is just a speech in front of them. So, our choice of communicational words should be critical. According to Warren Windle, (2010), clarified that Verbal messages convey through variation, modulation and tempo of our voices. They also eplained that the weightage of these are carried 38% of what we communicate. As a resulut some of us use to raise the tone of voice in astonishment. Convincingly, it is realized that non-verbal communication takes place in many ways of day to day communication, through style, attire, codes or even in our daily manner. Similarly, Warren Windle, (2010), illuminated gesturing on the othe hand is non-verbal bodily movement which may also include affectionate and familiarity or negative response, and express using parts of the body like, arms, hands and may also comprise nodding and gazing of ones eyes. For example, teachers often raise hands to action others to silence when they wanted to speak. According to Cherry, K. (n.d), confirmed that non-verbal communication has a significant portion in our everyday context, either verbal communication or non-verbal communication. He also mentioned that non-verbal cues and behaviors such as postures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and voice variations are used in our everyday life. Additionally, Jadwick01 (2009), elucidated that any type of communication should have a clear aim. He also stated that in the repid developing organizations, we need to have different types of communications that influence connections no matter how big or small the organization may be. Robbins, S. (2006) assumed that an organization is a constant, while it has a formal and social structure that receives capitals from the environment and practices them to create production. Stoner, J. (1989), stated that the suitably mangement must be flourishing in achieving its goals. Since then effective method of coordination is to be maintained, so that the plans are accomplished efficiently and effectively with and through other people. He aslo affirmed that there are two main reasons why communication is important in the management. Firstly it is the main process of leading, controling , organizing and planning are boomed. Secondly, the management is actively dedicated to overwelming time of th eir time. Relatively, communication can be completed in various ways. According to Mehrabian, A. (2006), found that both verbal and non-verbal communication are included the main three elements, which are established that words we express are 7% valuable, variation of the vioce are 38% effective, and non-verbal signs are 55% successful. In such situations he proved by conducting a wide range of research and said that both communication skills play a vital role in our everyday life. Furthermore, according to Lee, B. (2011), stated that verbal communication serves as a vehicle for expressing desires, ideas and concepts and is vital to the process of learning and teaching in combination with nonverbal forms of communication. In general, verbal communication is the orally expressed word and comprises real words, designed and inferred meanings, pitch and voice variation. For example, by asking permission from the teacher to go to the library. The communication that happen here is a very clear verbal communication. According to Hughes, C. (2010), convinced that the basis of communication is the interaction between people.  Coupled with, some of the key components of verbal communication are sound, words, speaking, and language. Hence, verbal communication operates as the primary tool for expression between two or more people. 7. Factors found to the Effectiveness of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication . Manifestly, a person communicating by verbal and non-verbal ways should also be aware of several factors such as style religious, cultural practices, beliefs and values. Often, personal and professional success varies depending on the ability to communicate. It is very important to be articulate and fluent in the way or mode of speech in front of audience and with parents and even in the classroom, because language we express is like a sharp weapon and it influences amazingly to the communication process. According to Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), stated that the open and hidden meaning of the message is crucial with relating to the real life situations. Further, they explained that the message we intend is to be easily understand and then the students and parents can critically interpret. Evidently, the schorlarly evidences and other real life situations are more applicable to convince and firm on our communication. Communication Factor Apparently, there are lot of communication barriers in the society or in our school environment. Effective communication is defined as the process of conveying information and common understanding from one person to another. Besides, the elements in the communication process determine the quality of communication. A problem in any of these elements can reduce effectiveness of the communication. For example, information must be encoded into a message that can be understood as the sender inteded. Also, the selection of the communication media plays a vital role. Markedly, most people at child birth have voiced, which create sounds.   Gradually, as a child grows, he/she learns how to form these sounds into words.   Some words may be imitative of natural sounds, but others may come from expressions of emotion, such as laughter or crying.  However, words alone have no sense, just people can bring meaning into terminologies.  Including both words and meaning mixed together, which direct to the maturity of communication. Particularly, language plays a creative role in verbal communication, which helps to direct a person to the right path using its causes and effects. Furthermore, using language and settled in a verbal communication, both in speech and written, means deciding the language for the most appropriated particular uses, needs and situations. Besides, selection of language and verbal communication styles has close connection with the recievers awareness of the person. Hence, the verbal communicator must be sensitive to the selection and use of language, which generate an effective communication. According to Lunenburg, (2010), that the greatest barrier in the communication process is the illusion that it has been accomplished. Moreover, Cal, W. Allyson, A. (nd), stated that in any organization, humanity is also a very important quality to apply in any situations. Since, effective communication is earnestly depended regardless of the organizational hierarchy. For this purpose, according to Goldhaber (1986), cited with Hamzah, M. Yusof, A. (2011), acknowlodged that communication in school takes place in a whole system and influences by i nternally and externally. Also, communication involves messages and its flow, purpose, direction and media. As well as, it involves people, attitude, feeling, and the skill they possess. According to Grover, S. (2012), Nonverbal communication is presently very important. He added that the way we sit or stand, the tendency of our voice, and our common bodily manners are all behaviors of communication. However, there are some barriers to nonverbal communication. Besides, they are known as not responding, encroaching, space and time, different status, communication distance, Psychology, Gender, culture and etc. These all set up barriers which ultimately reduce communication. Physical Factors Additionally, any number of physical distractions can interfere with the effectiveness of communication, including a telephone call, seating arrangements for visitors, distances between people, walls, and etc. People often take physical barriers for approved, but sometimes they can be removed. For example, a badly placed room can be removed. Disruptions such as telephone calls can be removed by issuing directions to a secretary. An appropriate choice of media can overcome distance barriers between people. Lack of Clarity Subsequently, lacking clarity is also a most common barrier to effective verbal communication. Since, a teacher or an administrator who do not communicate accurately and clearly about their topic, surely, it can run the threat of confusing the receiver of the message. The language we use may differ from someone we are communicating too. According to Lewis, J. (2012), referred to this lack of clarity as muddled messages. Since, messages that are unclear and inaccurate may be interpreted wrongly. Obviously, this is a very major issue which occurs in our school communities. Though, the best way to be sure of our clearness is to get effective feedback from the parents or teachers of the message . So, it can surely guarantee that they have received our message properly or not. Additionally, Verbal tone in communication is more than just the words we use. It also play a vital role to understand the pitch of the speaker. If someone screams to control, then he develops hostility, while a persons suggestion brought in a normal speaking voice is much less harsh and usually more effective way to communicate the same thing. For example, if someone says, give me a book, he might not earn too well. But he might get better outcome if he asks, Could you hand me a book. Electronic Communication Factor Obviously, in the fast developing world, electronic communication influences in a wide range is a big factor in the society. It is a speedy type of verbal communication. However, electronic communication involves its own set of rules. Likewise, using capital letters can be interpreted as blaring or not happy at the receiver. For a moment, it can arises misunderstandings and problems in the workplace. Spelling rules are not much concerned, they are often set aside. For example, allocating figures like u instead of you and 2 instead of too, etc are very common. consequently, the effectiveness of the words and flow through of the sentence structures are in threat. Definitely, it effects to the current situation and up coming generations. Therefore, as teachers, we should be more aware of the immense influence and show the right path to the students. Cultural Factors Similarly, non-verbal communication is convened the messages to the receiver. It can also supplement verbal communication. However there are higher chances of non-verbal communication being misinterpreted by the receivers than verbal communication. Misunderstandings are more likely to occur across people belonging to different cultural backgrounds. Individuals communicating by nonverbal means should be aware of the different meaning that different individuals may perceive from his/her communication, especially when individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds are the receivers of the information. In the school, every child is belongs to a different family, and the family background, behavior or the way they communicate can be different. Therefore, teachers must be aware of these natural facts and show the humanity to the children. Since then, we can achieve our educational goals. Physical Barrier Correspondingly, body language plays a major role to provide non-verbal communication. Prominently, being responsive of our own body language as well as another persons can make communication more effective. For example, crossed arms indicate that someone is distant and possibly unfriendly, and slouching in a chair can be interpreted as not listening as well. Studies have shown that people closer to each other tend to communicate more through nonverbal means compared to people not so close to each other . Nonverbal communication often develops in relationships . Often in a relationship , more weight is given to nonverbal portion of the communication compared to the verbal portion , and in case of a conflict the nonverbal portion tends to prevail over verbal communication . It took time during the relationship to understand one another better and develop a more effective means of communication Conclusion In conclusion, effective communication take place to achieve good communication skills through verbal and nonverbal methods, one should be capable and ready to identify the combination of communication functions which may bring out success in the communication strategy or plane to be implemented. Coupled with in consideration of both verbal and non-verbal communications, they interrelate to convey meaning. 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